Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. There is perhaps a reason for this. Collective Identity Formation in Asian Regionalism: ASEAN Identity and the Construction of the Asia-Pacific Regional Order. Paper presented at Research Committee Sessions (RC06) Theorising the Role of Identity in the Unfolding of Regionalism: Comparative Perspectives, International Political Science Association. Greater interaction between ASEAN citizens will definitely go a long way in helping them to take the mental leap required to develop a common sense of belonging that transcends national boundaries. _____________. Anderson, Benedict. An otherwise borderless Southeast Asia was thus separated into clearly delineated homogenous political entities which not only masked the numerous internal differences and diversity that runs deep beneath its surface but also cut off most of the pre-colonial cultural and social linkages that had existed prior between communities that now belonged to their respective colonies, slowly erasing them from the memory of its inhabitants (Kingsbury 2011). ASEAN shall have, by the year 2020, established a peaceful and stable Southeast Asia where each nation is at peace with itself and where the causes for conflict have been eliminated, through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and through the strengthening of national and regional resilience. (Association of Southeast Asian Nation, 2018). In addition, despite the fact that the imperative to create a shared sense of ASEAN belonging and we-feeling comes from the political elites and bureaucrats of ASEAN themselves, it may remain a challenge to expect such a mental leap to be taken and led by them due to the nature of their role, interest and responsibilities. Smith, Anthony L. ASEANs Ninth Summit: Solidifying Regional Cohesion, Advancing External Linkages. Contemporary Southeast Asia 26, no. It will also argue that identities can be overlapping and not mutually exclusive and that an individual can be both a citizen of a Southeast Asian state and also sees himself as a fully participatory member of the ASEAN community. See Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei are the three countries with the highest percentages for trust. Bima Prawira Utama, PhD candidate, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, Philippines In some areas, it was peaceful, and orderly. Some, like the Tonkin Free School in Vietnam (1907), were closed by the colonial regimes, their staffs and pupils hounded by police; others, like the many so-called wild schools in Indonesia in the 1930s, were much too numerous to do away with altogether, but they were controlled as carefully as possible. The colonial rulers proceeded to alter the epistemology and discourse of statecraft and international relations in Southeast Asia. Its chapters unearth the contingency and contention that accompanied the establishment of nation-states . So in a number of ways, it appears to be true that Singapore and Hong Kong really are better places than Taiwan and that all three are better than mainland China. In the mental map of Southeast Asians, the lines of division that had been drawn in the boardrooms of the colonial companies have become both a political and social reality. The article argues that as national interests and an exclusive worldview predominates in ASEAN, it remains an arduous task for the generation of the kind of we-feeling that is required to fulfill the goals as articulated in the ASEAN Vision 2020. 5 (May 2011): 762. Morgan, James. London: Archibald Constable & Co, 1825. In Southeast Asia, colonialism did have the positive effect of European investment and construction of canals and irrigation systems. K.N Chaudhuris (1990) research shows that pre-colonial Southeast Asia was a multi-polar world with overlapping spheres of geographic, economic and political system all co-existing simultaneously. Indigenous Knowledge and Peoples Network for Capacity Building in Mainland Montane South-East Asia (IKAP) Network for Capacity Building in Mainland Southeast Asia. Any form of diplomatic contact was perceived as instrumentalist and economical in nature. Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Non-Traditional Security Challenges, Regional, Governance, and the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC). Asia Security Initiative Policy Series Working Paper no. In the last half of the 18th century, all the major states of Southeast Asia were faced with crisis. In addition, there is a need to refrain from the selective appropriation of history to make nationalistic claims. Ethnic Diversity and Change in Southeast Asia. In Population, Ethnicity and Nation Building, edited by Calvin Goldscheider, 19-36. Jones and Smiths work (2007) also argues that despite the proliferation of declaration and rhetoric in deepening the ASEAN identity and formation of ASEAN community, these statements have had no observable impact on the policy decision making of ASEAN members. Lingering effects of colonialism. This may explain why the collective ASEAN Identity as envisioned remains vague and poorly defined despite the repeated rhetoric of solidarity and cooperation in the official statements of ASEANs political elites (Jones 2004). An evidence for such an argument can be found in the recent invitation made by Indonesian President Joko Widodo for Australia to become a full member of ASEAN (Agence France-Presse 2018). The most serious circumstances were undoubtedly those of Vietnam, where from 1771 to 1802 there raged a strugglethe Tay Son rebellionover the very nature of the state. Right from India to Africa, people were being enslaved and taken to the mother country. Lee Jun Jie is a humanities educator in Singapore and a postgraduate alumni of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Consequently, the ASEAN Community and ASEAN Identity only exist in form but not in substance. The Critical Importance of Socio-cultural Community for the Future of ASEAN. In ASEAN @ 50 Volume 1, The ASEAN Journey: Reflections of ASEAN Leaders and Officials, edited by Surin Pitsuwan, Hidetoshi Nishimura, Ponciano Intal, Jr., Kavi Chongkittavorn, and Larry Maramis, 89-102. 2 (Spring 1990): 15051. The deeper connections between an earlier era of urban development and colonialism become apparent when looking at these shareholders and where they got the capital that they invested in the forms of segregation that became foundational for the rise of Jim Crow. It will however make a brief attempt to uncover possible spaces for the formation of a collective ASEAN identity. Puchala, Donald J. 4 They argue that an inherent tension between state sovereignty and regionalism exists as political elites are more concerned with the building of a stable, legitimate sovereign state as a vital prerequisite before the building of a strong regional community and identity (Hund 2010). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. ASEAN Vision 2020. Accessed 15 January, 2018. http://asean.org/?static_post=asean-vision-2020. Colonial rule left behind a language game of totalized identities that is defined by exclusivity and oppositional in nature. As such, a ground-up approach may offer greater prospects in the creation of a sentiment of shared belonging and collective regional identity. Being separated from the motherland for so long gave. Bangkok: Heinrich Bll Stiftung Southeast Asia, 2017. Located at the crossroad between China and India, the region has historically been exposed to a constant stream of external cultural and political influence. These would lay the groundwork for political identities to be based on exclusivity and complicate the quest for nation-building and regionalism after independence was achieved by the colonial states. Most literature focuses on the security and economic dimension of ASEAN, which despite its importance, is inadequate in the discussion of a formation of a genuine regional community anchored on a collective identity. Noor, Farish A. Technological developments and population expansion, British territorial acquisitions in Burma. Locality in Conflict Resolution in Papua, The School and Society amid the Pandemic: A Teachers Reflection, Developing a Program for Gifted Music Students in Malaysia, Opposition Legislative Behaviour under Malaysias National Front. The great political and social structures of the classical states had begun to decay, and, although the reasons for this disintegration are not altogether clear, the expanded size of the states, the greater complexity of their societies, and the . In the early 19th century, most of the nations of Latin America fought their wars of independence, freeing themselves from the colonial control of Spain. While ASEAN as a language game played by the political elites is not united by any geographical or historical linkages but rather material and political-economic interests, Southeast Asia remains an organic region where cultures, histories, language and ethnic identities overlap and cross-fertilize one another. Another obstacle was that the ordinary people, especially outside cities and towns, inhabited a different social and cultural world from that of the emerging leaders. 1 (Summer 2007): 148-184. National histories across the region are often written and retold in isolation, often with their independence struggle as the pre-given starting point and the respective nation-states as the main actor in the foreground (Noor 2017: 9-15). Little wonder that before long Southeast Asians began to observe that, despite Asia for the Asians propaganda, the new and old colonial rulers had more in common with each other than either had with the indigenous peoples. Even though early Southeast Asian most probably did not share a sense of solidarity as a collective community, it would be safe to say that they would have perceived themselves as fellow inhabitants of a common world. For instance, Malaysias history cannot be explained in a manner that disregards the histories of the neighboring countries of Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Does ASEAN measure up? There was clearly little clinging to Japanese concepts except where they could be thoroughly indigenized; even the collaboration issue, so important to Europeans and their thinking about the immediate postwar era, failed to move Southeast Asians for long. ASEAN today is in a state of an identity crisis. Christie, Clive J. Are all hopes lost in the development of a collective ASEAN identity in support of the formation of a genuine ASEAN Community? 1) Modern nationalism shook the imperialism in colonies and a sense of identification with pride in the nation-state was evolved which led to the formation of national organizations to destabilize the colonial set up. Desker, Barry and Ang Chen Guan. This ideological worldview as imposed by colonialism is deeply embedded into the consciousness of Southeast Asians and continues to be perpetuated by the ruling political elites. As decades of imposed isolation occur between the colonial states, the social and economic life of its inhabitants became further and further separated from their regional counterparts even though they were in close geographical proximity. These measures were implemented to create an efficient system for maximum economic exploitation but also manipulated to legitimize colonialism as a civilizing mission that sought to better the lives of its colonised subjects. Intra-regional people-to-people interaction at the ground level should therefore be highly encouraged. When forced to provide only a yes or no answer to the question of trust, 59.8% of the elites surveyed said they could not trust other countries in Southeast Asia to be good neighbours. A collective worldview can act as an emotional glue that binds the citizens of ASEAN together with a resonant common interpretation of the past, present, and future of the region. Indochina is a region that today we would consider as Southeast Asia, comprised of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam (Indochina, 2001). The negative effects stated in Documents 2 and 7 shows how bitter sweet the effect of imperialism . The Problem of Community in International Relations. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 15, no. 4 (November 2012): 400-415. This article, we will provide an overview of British colonialism and imperialism, from the early explorations of the 15th century to its height in the 19th century. A possible explanation for this absence of identification with the ASEAN identity is that the people of Southeast Asia continue to be trapped in a language game inherited from the colonial era which has defined national identities based on the notion of exclusivity and a worldview that accepts modern state boundaries as a given political reality. Any memory of pre-colonial affinities and collective past that could have formed the foundation of a regional identity has also been eroded (Noor 2014). With over four hundred different ethno-religious groups, pre-colonial Southeast Asia was a kaleidoscopic world of cultural and linguistic heterogeneity (Andaya and Andaya 2015). Even Gia Long, whose conscience and circumstance both demanded that he give special attention to reviving the classical Confucian past, quietly incorporated selected Western and Tay Son ideas in his government. 1 (April 2004): 140-154. Regional integration is largely seen as a mean to allow its respective member states to obtain greater political and economic clout through resources pooling wherever mutual, practical benefit exists so as to secure their national sovereignty (Kim 2011). 3 (July-Sept 2011): 407-435. London: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, 1810. Although France sought an extensive colonial empire in Asia, its defeat in the Napoleonic Wars left it with just a handful of Asian territories. Of particular importance were efforts to bring villages under closer state control, curb shifting patron-client relationships, and centralize and tighten the state administrative apparatus. In the case of Southeast Asia, it is for the purpose of colonial capitalism and colony management during the period of colonial rule which is later adapted by the local elites for state and nation-building. Despite these efforts, ASEAN has thus far failed to develop a degree of ASEAN consciousness in both its bureaucrats and citizens that will nudge them to think of themselves as a member of the wider ASEAN body (Denoon and Colbert 1998-1999). In January 2003, Cambodian news media falsely alleged that a claim has been made by a prominent Thai actress that Angkor belonged to Thailand. The first phase of European colonisation of Southeast Asia took place throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. On the contrary, ordinary citizens at the grass-root level do not have their hands tied in the same manner. Reid, Anthony Reid. The Evolution and Limitations of ASEAN Identity. In ASEAN @ 50 Volume 4, Building ASEAN Community: Political-Security and Socio-cultural Reflections, edited by Aileen Baviera and Larry Maramis, 25-38. Since then, ASEAN leaders have repeatedly affirmed this agenda as the regions highest priority (Oba 2014). ASEAN citizens will not reach the level of trust and solidarity required for the formation of an ASEAN Community if they continue to see each other in adversarial terms. Big Cats, Fallen Trees, and Everyday Impunity, or Do Environmental Politics Still Matter in Thailand? One example was how the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which dismembered the contiguous Malay world encompassing Malaya Peninsular and Sumatra Islands, began to use divisive vocabulary that emphasized on the sanctity of national sovereignty and territorial boundaries (The Edinburgh Annual Register 1825). The influence and imperialism of Western Europe and associated states (such as Russia, Japan, and the United States) peaked in Asian territories from the colonial period beginning in the 16th century and substantially reducing with 20th century decolonization.It originated in the 15th-century search for trade routes to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that led directly to the Age of . Although varying in scope and intensity across the regions defective democracies and military or one-party dominated regimes, significant and worrying developments related to surveillance, data collection, censorship, misinformation, and harassment can be, This issue of Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia presents five case studies looking at foreign policy of five Southeast Asian nations: Cambodia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Mandailing-Batak-Malay: A People Defined and Divided, In From Palermo to Penang, A Journey into Political Anthropology, edited by Francois Ruegg and Andrea Boscoboinik. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957. Besides the Europeans, Japanese and the Americans used to colonize Southeast Asian countries as well. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2012. 4 (November 2012): 603-628. Biba, Sebastian. 18 February 2022 Human Rights. By Chris Baker. Philippine-Japan Relations: Friends with Benefits Thus, member states will have to de-parochialize their curriculum and re-tailor them to educate and familiarize the young people of ASEAN about their shared historical-cultural roots. Does public opinion count? These actions were in a large part influenced by the intense rivalry that were present between the British, Dutch and Spanish empires during the colonial era which compelled them to clearly mark out different spheres of imperial colonial control. At least since the Crusades and the conquest of the Americas, political theorists have used theories of justice, contract, and natural law to both criticize and justify European domination. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002. See Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, Mandailing-Batak-Malay: A People Defined and Divided, in. In September of 1954, the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, or SEATO. Nor were the changes ineffectual, for by 1820 the large mainland states stood at the height of their powers. By the early twentieth century all Southeast Asia had come under colonial control. . A Modern History of SoutheastAsia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism. 2. Knowledge and support for an ASEAN community in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 13, no. A second difference between Western and Japanese colonialism was in the opportunities the occupation provided the new educated elite. The Integration Theorists and the Study of International Relations. In The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, edited by C.W. 3 (September 2009), 369-386. 4 (January 2000): 441-480. Oba, Mie. Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang et al. The idea of opposing Dutch rule, furthermore, was not abandoned entirely, and it was only the devastating Java War (182530) that finally tamed the Javanese elite and, oddly enough, left the Dutch to determine the final shape of Javanese culture until the mid-20th century. Azmawati, Dian and Linda Quayle. New York: Random House, 1984. Hence, even when it comes to negative effects of the Occupation on nationalist movements, these are less of a change of course, and more of a worsening of a situation already established during colonial rule. A few works by Hund (2010) and Narine (2004) have posited the persistence of a level of uncertainty among the political elites of ASEAN in their domestic political legitimacy as a key variable in their reluctance to create a unified ASEAN community and collective ASEAN identity. (Jones and Smith 2002). It prevents Southeast Asians from subscribing to multiple identities of being both a citizen of their nation and a member of the ASEAN Community. 2 (May 2015): 259-280. A few constructivist interpretations have surfaced which attempt to fill this gap. The revolts, and the economic disarray of the Great Depression, also suggested that European rule was neither invulnerable nor without flaws. Neither effort was successful, though not for want of trying. From the Editor: Southeast Asias Artful Diplomacy? 1 In preventing any prolonged armed conflict between its member states for half a century, ASEAN has also been credited with maintaining the regional stability that has allowed the rapid economic development of its member states, especially in the case of the Tiger economies of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. For instance, the Indonesians, Malaysians and Singaporeans have made repeated attempts to claim ownership over the shared heritage of the textile art of batik, shadow puppet theatre termed as the wayang kulit and traditional musical instruments such as the gamelan and angklung (Chong 2012). 1 (January 1973): 75-83. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia,Trendsetters, December 2018. Association of Southeast Asian Nation. . The Discursive Construction of Southeast Asia in 19th Century Colonial-Capitalist Discourse. 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